A thaumatrope is when two images are merged in to one by pulling on a string attached to a two sided drawing. (1827)
A phenakistoscope is a disk split in to sections, with the frames of animation drawn across each. When spun, the animation comes to life. (1841)
A zoetrope is a cylinder that you spin, and the animation is shown through the gaps in the outer edge. (1866)
The flipbook was created in 1868.
The praxinoscope was similar to the zoetrope but you watch the middle where there were inverted spinning mirrors. This was easier to view than the zoetrope. (1876)
Rotoscoping allows animators to trace over moving images, frame by frame. Before this, animators projected images on to glass. (1917-1919)
In 1923, Disney started up and co-produced Alice's Wild West Show, the first mixed media animation.
In 1932, Disney created the first Oscar winning animation, "Flowers and trees", which was the first ever technicolor animation.
The multiplane camera, as created for Snow White in 1937, was tested in the film "The old mill". This camera gives depth and parallax, which is best demonstrated in Pinocchio as the camera moves around the towns folk.
Disney begun to recycle animations from other movies to speed up the animation process, as they often used human studies for reference in their work.
Disney began printing on acetate, a clear material, throughout their golden age, but this began to be too expensive to keep up and so they stopped before the start of the silver age.
The introduction of the photocopier in 1938 aided in traditional animation, as repeated frames were no longer repeatedly drawn.
Digital animation arose in the 1980s.
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